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It is often assumed that infants and very young children are exempt from trauma. That they are too small to verbalize their feelings and therefore their age protect them from being traumatized. In truth, memories of sight, sounds and smells associated with a traumatic event are stored and these memories often emerge in play (traumatic play.)
Situations that can leave a baby and small child traumatized are the following.
- Living in a unstable or unsafe environment
- Separation from parents. Even in cases of adoption where a baby separates from his biological mother, he can suffer trauma.
- Domestic violence
- Neglect
- Bullying.
- Serious illness.
- Intrusive medical procedures. Especially in the first 3 years of their life.
- Physical or sexual abuse.
- Physical trauma through injury such as a serious fall or a car accident.
- Being unwanted before birth in cases of unplanned pregnancies and near-abortions.
- Absence of a strong bond with a primary care-giver or mother figure.
When a child is exposed to trauma at a young age he learns that the world is a frightening place. The effect can be subtle – a child prefers solitary activities. It can be profound leading to rage. It can cause dysfunctional behavior such as a inability to share emotions or an exaggerated need to have control over situations or people.
Research found that a child who suffers the trauma of neglect have a poorly-developed frontal cortex. The ability to recognize other people’s feelings and have empathy is situated in the cortex. Without empathy it is impossible to have nurturing, caring relationships while growing up and as an adult.
One of the most traumatic experiences for a child is the loss or absence of a nurturing mother. The bond between mother and baby is crucial for future relationships. This is where a child learns to trust. Without trust future relationships will be plagued by suspicion and anxiety.